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Managing Animal Behaviour through Environmental Enrichment Iván Lozano-Ortega
Title - Summary - Content - Introduction - Chapter 1 - Chapter 2 - Chapter 3 - Chapter 4 - Chapter 5 - Chapter 6 - References

5. ENRICHMENT TECHNIQUES SUGGESTION

Each number corresponds to one enrichment technique that is suggested to be implemented to manage the given behaviour. These techniques can be used one by one or a group of them to look for better results in the animals. The following table is designed based on the personal experience of the author.



 

Desirable Behaviours

 

Foraging

 

Play

Climbing

Locomotion on ground

Exploratory behaviour

 

Anti-Predator Behaviour

Wallowing

Mammals

All Mammals

29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 62, 65

     

8, 16, 20, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 48, 54, 60, 62, 65, 71

17, 18, 67

 

Felidae

19, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 63, 64, 66

23, 24, 26, 28, 33, 50, 62, 71

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 34, 45, 46, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 63

 

19, 29, 43, 44, 64, 65, 66

1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 9, 10, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 72

65, 66

 

Canidae

19, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 50, 59, 64, 66

 

26, 71

2, 15

 

18, 19, 29, 43, 44, 64, 65, 66

 

 

9, 21, 41, 43, 45, 50, 59, 64, 66, 65, 72

65, 66

 

Procyonidae

8, 19, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66

26, 71

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 34, 40, 45, 46, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 63

 

18, 19, 29, 43, 44, 64, 65, 66

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 72

65, 66

 

Mustelidae

8, 19, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66

 

26, 71

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 34, 40, 45, 46, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 63

8, 9, 19, 29, 32, 43, 44, 64, 65, 66

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 72

65, 66

 

Callithricidae

40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 40, 71

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 18, 34, 40, 46, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63

8, 9, 29, 32, 44

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 16, 23, 28, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 61, 63, 72

 

   

Cebidae

8, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 38, 40, 50, 62, 71, 72

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 18, 34, 40, 46, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 61, 63

8, 9, 29, 32, 44

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 72

 

   

Dasyproctidae

8, 37, 38, 40, 59

 

 

 

8, 9, 18, 29, 32

 

9, 21, 65

 

65, 66

 

Agoutidae

8, 37, 38, 40, 59

   

8, 9, 18, 29, 32

9, 21, 65

65, 66

 

Tayassuidae

8, 37, 38, 40, 59

   

8, 9, 18, 29, 32, 65

 

9, 13, 21, 65

 

65, 66

13

Sciuridae

8, 37, 38, 40, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 61, 63

 

 

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 18, 34, 40, 46, 48, 55, 56, 61, 63

8, 9, 29, 32

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 16, 23, 24, 27, 28, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63

 

65, 66

 

Dasypodidae

8, 37, 38, 40, 59

 

   

8, 9, 29, 18, 32, 44

9, 21, 65

65, 66

 

Birds

All Birds

29, 30, 32, 36

 

     

1, 4, 8, 36

17, 18, 67

 

Accipritidae

33, 43

 

     

33, 43

   

Tytonidae

43, 67

 

     

6, 30, 43, 67

 

 

Strigidae

 

43

     

6, 30, 43

   

Rallidae

 

12,43, 44, 48, 54, 62

 

1, 2, 4, 15, 34, 48, 56

32, 44, 49

12, 29, 43, 44, 48, 54, 62

   

Fringillidae

 

40, 48

   

32

 

29, 40, 48

   

Cathartidae

 

25, 33, 34, 39, 40, 44, 48, 54, 60, 62

   

32

 

6, 25, 29, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 44, 48, 54, 60, 62

   

Falconidae

25, 33, 34, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 54, 60, 62

   

32, 44, 49

6, 16, 25, 29, 32, 33, 34, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 54, 60, 62

   

Ardeidae

 

12, 34, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 54, 62

 

   

32, 44, 49

6, 16, 29, 32, 34, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 54, 62

   

Ramphastidae

 

34, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 62

 

   

32, 44, 49

6, 16, 29, 32, 34, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 62

   

Psittacidae

33, 34, 40, 42, 46

 

1, 2, 4, 5, 15, 34, 46, 48, 56

 

32, 44, 49

6, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 62

   

Mimidae

40, 43, 46, 49

   

32, 44, 49

6, 16, 29, 32, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62

   

Thraupidae

 

40, 43, 46, 49

 

   

32, 44, 49

6, 16, 29, 32, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62

   

Cracidae

 

8, 40, 43, 49

   

32, 44, 49

6, 16, 9, 29, 32, 40, 43, 44, 48, 49, 54, 62

   

Icteridae

 

40, 43, 46, 49

     

6, 16, 29, 32, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62

 

   

Corvidae

33, 34, 40, 43, 46, 49

     

6, 16, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62

   

Turdidae

 

8, 33, 34, 40, 43, 46, 49

 

     

6, 9, 16, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62

   

Reptiles

All Reptiles

 

29, 30, 32, 68, 69

   

32, 68, 69

32, 68, 69

17, 18, 67

 

Testudinae

 

             

Iguanidae

 

36, 40

 

1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 34, 40, 46, 56

       

Crocodilidae

12, 43, 44

     

12

   

Kinosternidae

12, 43, 44

 

2, 15

 

 

12

   

Alligatoridae

 

12, 43, 44

 

     

12

   

Boidae

 

12, 34, 43, 44, 45, 65, 66

 

1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 22, 34

43, 65, 66

12, 43, 65, 66

65, 66

 

Viperidae

34, 43, 44, 45, 65, 66

7

1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 22, 34

43, 65, 66

43, 65, 66

65, 66

 

Colubridae

34, 43, 44, 45, 65, 66

 

1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 22, 34

 

43, 65, 66

43, 65, 66

65, 66

 

 

 

 

 

Desirable Behaviours

 

Grooming and Social grooming

Hiding

Dust bathing

Predatory behaviour

Communication

Escape

 

Mammals

All Mammals

 

1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 15, 20

 

   

71, 72

17, 18, 71, 72

Felidae

71

4, 7, 10, 21, 35

 

19, 43, 44, 45

1, 2, 3, 9, 15, 65, 67, 71, 72

17, 18, 71, 72

Canidae

71

21, 35

 

 

19, 43, 44, 45

1, 2, 3, 9, 15, 65, 67

17, 18, 71, 72

Procyonidae

71

4, 7, 10, 21, 35

 

19, 43, 44, 45

71, 72

17, 18, 71, 72

Mustelidae

71

4, 7, 10, 21, 35

8, 11

19, 43, 44, 45

71, 72

17, 18, 71, 72

Callithricidae

71

4,5,7,10

 

43, 44, 45

1, 4, 5, 65, 67, 71, 72

 

 

Dasyproctidae

24

21, 35

   

65, 67, 71, 72

 

 

Agoutidae

24

21, 35

   

65, 67, 71, 72

 

 

Tayassuidae

24, 71

 

 

35

   

65, 67, 71, 72

 

Sciuridae

 

4, 7, 10, 21, 35

   

65, 67, 71, 72

 

Dasypodidae

 

8, 35

   

65, 67, 71, 72

 

 

Birds

All Birds

 

1, 4, 20

 

   

67, 71, 72

17, 18, 71, 72

Accipritidae

     

43, 44

67, 71, 72

17, 18, 71, 72

Tytonidae

 

6

 

43, 44

 

67, 71, 72

17, 18, 71, 72

Strigidae

 

6

 

43, 44

 

67, 71, 72

17, 18, 71, 72

Rallidae

      43    

Cracidae

 

15, 35

8, 11

43, 44

67, 71, 72

 

17, 18, 71, 72

Icteridae

     

43, 44

67, 71, 72

 

17, 18, 71, 72

Tyrannidae

     

43, 44

67, 71, 72

 

17, 18, 71, 72

Corvidae

     

43, 44, 45

67, 71, 72

 

17, 18, 71, 72

Turdidae

     

43, 44

67, 71, 72

 

17, 18, 71, 72

Reptiles

All Reptiles

 

20

 

     

72

Testudinae

 

6, 8, 9, 15, 21, 35

 

     

71, 72

Iguanidae

 

1, 2, 4

 

     

72

Emydidae

 

6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 21, 35

 

 

12, 43

 

12, 17, 18, 71

Pelomedusidae

 

6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 21, 35

 

12, 43

 

12, 17, 18, 71

Crocodilidae

 

12,15

 

 

12, 43

 

12, 72

Kinosternidae

 

6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 21, 35

 

 

12, 43

 

12, 17, 18, 71

Alligatoridae

 

12,15

 

 

12, 43

 

12, 72

Boidae

 

1, 6, 8, 9, 15, 21, 22, 35

 

43, 45

 

72

Viperidae

 

6, 8, 9, 15, 21, 22, 35

 

 

43, 45

 

72

Colubridae

 

6, 8, 9, 15, 21, 22, 35

 

 

43, 45

 

72

 

 

 

AbnormalBehaviours

 

Pacing

Head Toss (Weaving)

Automutilation

Abnormal Agressiveness

Apathy

Mammals

All Mammals

 

 

 

     

Felidae

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68,

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 64, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 50, 55, 56 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

 

Canidae

1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 54, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 71

1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 54, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 71

1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 54, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66 , 67, 71

1 ,2 ,3 ,6 ,8, 15, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29 ,32 ,34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 54, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66 , 67, 71

 

Procyonidae

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

 

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

 

Mustelidae

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68.

 

Callithricidae

     

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71

1, 4, 5, 65, 67, 71, 72

Cebidae

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71

 

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71

 

Sciuridae

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 50, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71

 

       

Dasypodidae

8

       
           

Birds

         

Psittacidae

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 54, 56, 59, 62, 67, 71, 72

1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 , 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 54, 56, 59, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 54, 56, 59, 62, 67, 71, 72

1 ,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 54, 56, 59, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

 

 

AbnormalBehaviours

 

Prolonged infantile behaviour

Tameness

Overeating

Refusal of food

Aberrant Appetite

Mammals

All Mammals

 

18, 71

 

     

Felidae

   

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 43, 45, 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

 

1, 6, 7, 20, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 43, 65

1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 45, 52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 64, 65, 67

Canidae

   

1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 15, 18, 20, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 54, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66 , 67, 71

   

Procyonidae

   

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68

 

   

Mustelidae

   

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68.

 

   

Callithricidae

         

Cebidae

   

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 71

 

   

Dasyproctidae

 

 

 

     

Agoutidae

 

 

 

     

Tayassuidae

 

 

       

Sciuridae

 

 

 

     

Dasypodidae

 

 

 

     

Birds

All Birds

 

18, 71

 

 

   

Accipritidae

     

1, 4, 20, 30, 31, 36, 43

 

Tytonidae

         

Strigidae

         

Rallidae

   

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20 , 36, 43, 44, 48, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

   

Fringillidae

17, 18, 40, 71

 

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 36 40, 48, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Cathartidae

   

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 25, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 44, 48, 54, 60, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Falconidae

   

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 25, 33, 34, 36, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 54, 60, 62

67, 71, 72

 

   

Ardeidae

   

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 34, 36, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

 

   

Ramphastidae

   

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 34, 36, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Psittacidae

   

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 48, 54, 56, 59, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

1, 2, 4, 5, 20, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 40, 71

 

Mimidae

17, 18, 40, 71

 

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 36, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Thraupidae

17, 18, 40, 71

 

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 36, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Cracidae

   

1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 36, 40, 43, 44, 48, 49, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Icteridae

17, 18, 40, 71

 

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 36, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Tyrannidae

17, 18, 40, 71

 

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 36, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Corvidae

17, 18, 40, 71

 

1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 33, 34, 36, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Turdidae

17, 18, 40, 71

 

1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 17, 18, 20, 33, 34, 36, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 62, 67, 71, 72

 

   

Reptiles

All reptiles

     

68, 69

 

Testudinae

     

 

 

 

Iguanidae

     

36, 40

 

 

Emydidae

     

12, 43, 44

 

 

Pelomedusidae

     

12, 43, 44

 

Crocodilidae

     

12, 43, 44

 

Kinosternidae

     

12, 43, 44

 

 

Alligatoridae

     

12, 43, 44

 

 

Boidae

     

12, 34, 43, 44, 45, 65, 66

 

 

Viperidae

     

34, 43, 44, 45, 65, 66

 

 

Colubridae

     

34, 43, 44, 45, 65, 66

 

Managing Animal Behaviour through Environmental Enrichment Next Chapter

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Revised 2006-10-10
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